The
Treaty of Tordesillas was intended to solve the dispute that had been
created following the return of Christopher Columbus and his crew, who
had sailed for the Crown of Castile.
On
his way back to Spain he first reached Lisbon, in Portugal. There he
asked for another meeting with King John II to show him the newly
discovered lands.
After learning of the Castilian-sponsored
voyage, the Portuguese King sent a threatening letter to the Catholic
Monarchs stating that by the Treaty of Alcáçovas signed in 1479 and
confirmed in 1481 with the papal bull Æterni regis, that granted all
lands south of the Canary Islands to Portugal, all of the lands
discovered by Columbus belonged, in fact, to Portugal. Also, the
Portuguese King stated that he was already making arrangements for a
fleet (an armada led by Francisco de Almeida) to depart shortly and take
possession of the new lands. After reading the letter the Catholic
Monarchs knew they did not have any military power in the Atlantic to
match the Portuguese, so they pursued a diplomatic way out.
On
4 May 1493 Pope Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia), an Aragonese from
Valencia by birth, decreed in the bull Inter caetera that all lands west
of a pole-to-pole line 100 leagues west of any of the islands of the
Azores or the Cape Verde Islands should belong to Castile, although
territory under Catholic rule as of Christmas 1492 would remain
untouched. The bull did not mention Portugal or its lands, so Portugal
could not claim newly discovered lands even if they were east of the
line. Another bull, Dudum siquidem, entitled Extension of the Apostolic
Grant and Donation of the Indies and dated 25 September 1493, gave all
mainlands and islands, "at one time or even still belonging to India" to
Spain, even if east of the line.
The Portuguese King John II was
not pleased with that arrangement, feeling that it gave him far too
little land—it prevented him from possessing India, his near term goal.
By 1493 Portuguese explorers had reached the southern tip of Africa, the
Cape of Good Hope. The Portuguese were unlikely to go to war over the
islands encountered by Columbus, but the explicit mention of India was a
major issue. As the Pope had not made changes, the Portuguese king
opened direct negotiations with the Catholic Monarchs, King Ferdinand
and Queen Isabella, to move the line to the west and allow him to claim
newly discovered lands east of the line. In the bargain, John accepted
Inter caetera as the starting point of discussion with Ferdinand and
Isabella, but had the boundary line moved 270 leagues west, protecting
the Portuguese route down the coast of Africa and giving the Portuguese
rights to lands that now constitute the Eastern quarter of Brazil. As
one scholar assessed the results, "both sides must have known that so
vague a boundary could not be accurately fixed, and each thought that
the other was deceived, concluding that it was a diplomatic triumph for
Portugal, confirming to the Portuguese not only the true route to India,
but most of the South Atlantic"
The treaty effectively countered
the bulls of Alexander VI but was subsequently sanctioned by Pope
Julius II by means of the bull Ea quae pro bono pacis of 24 January
1506. Even though the treaty was negotiated without consulting the Pope,
a few sources call the resulting line the "Papal Line of Demarcation".
Very little of the newly divided area had actually been seen by Europeans, as it was only divided via the treaty.
Castile
gained lands including most of the Americas, which in 1494 had little
proven wealth. The easternmost part of current Brazil was granted to
Portugal when in 1500 Pedro Álvares Cabral landed there while he was en
route to India. Some historians contend that the Portuguese already knew
of the South American bulge that makes up most of Brazil before this
time, so his landing in Brazil was not an accident. One scholar points
to Cabral's landing on the Brazilian coast 12 degrees farther south than
the expected Cape São Roque, such that "the likelihood of making such a
landfall as a result of freak weather or navigational error was remote;
and it is highly probable that Cabral had been instructed to
investigate a coast whose existence was not merely suspected, but
already known".
The line was not strictly enforced—the Spanish
did not resist the Portuguese expansion of Brazil across the meridian.
However, the Catholic Monarchs attempted to stop the Portuguese advance
in Asia, by claiming the meridian line ran around the world, dividing
the whole world in half rather than just the Atlantic. Portugal pushed
back, seeking another papal pronouncement that limited the line of
demarcation to the Atlantic. This was given by Pope Leo X, who was
friendly toward Portugal and its discoveries, in 1514 in the bull Praecelsae devotionis.
Emerging
Protestant maritime powers, particularly England and The Netherlands,
and other third parties such as Roman Catholic France, did not recognize
the division of the world between only two Roman Catholic nations
brokered by the pope.
This division of the world as "known" through mapping is evidenced in the Cantino planisphere
or Cantino world map, that is the earliest surviving map showing
Portuguese geographic discoveries in the east and west. It is named
after Alberto Cantino, an agent for the Duke of Ferrara, who
successfully smuggled it from Portugal to Italy in 1502.
This
map shows the line of division between the Spanish and Portuguese
global colonial and trading entitlements, a line running north south
from the Cap Verde islands to the coast of what is modern Brazil. The
islands of the Caribbean are shown clearly, as is part of what became
known as the "Americas".
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